Core capital is defined as ” the amount of capital required to fund spending to maintain a given lifestyle, fund goals, and provide adequate reserves for unexpected commitments”. In another way, it is the money “needed” for the rest of the one’s life.
The concept of core capital is pretty important. In estate planning, one will need to clearly understand how much capital you have to pass on to others (family, charity, etc). Just like financial reporting for a company, it is not too difficult to come up with something similar for a family, list the total asset and liabilities. If we factor in the total liability including the future spending (core capital) and also the human capital of all future projected employment income. We will be able to find the “excess capital”. In that case, to accurately quantify the core capital is an important element in estate planning.
In order to calculate that, we will need know people’s life expectancy, spending for each year and take the time value into account to calculate the total present value.
Mortality Table
It is surprisingly predictable at an aggregated level regarding people’s lifetime expectancy. Just like for a group of kids, it is very likely all of them will survive for another 10 years and as certain as almost none will survive another 50 years post 65.
There is a table that listed many of the statistics related to survival of different age called mortality table. By a quick Google search, one can easily find several published mortality table listed by US CDC (United State Center for Disease Control).
The document that I found was categorized into different tables based on demographics, Hispanic, White and Black and the corresponding male and female.
Head of the mortality tableTail of the Mortality Table
Most of the statistics are fairly easy to understand and you can refer to this report – National Vital Statistics Report for the detailed definition and explanation of each field. (quite a fun read!)
Of course, if we need to calculate the core capital required for a family, then one will need to use the joint probability calculated as subtracting one by the probability that both couple will die.
Discount
Given the probability of surviving each year, we will need to estimate the spending needs for each year and adjust it accordingly. For example, there is the risk free rate which we can use, however, we also want to take inflation into consideration so our discount rate is likely going to be the nominal risk free rate minus the inflation rate.
Countries impose taxes to maintain its operation. Different countries have different tax systems. When cross-border business happens, it become more interesting. In order to for an income to occur, it usually includes two “where”s – one as where the income was originally sourced, aka. where the money was made, and another one as where this successful business owner resides.
There are countries which taxes all incomes incurred within its boarder is claimed to be source/territorial tax system. On the other hand, countries could be tax based on business owners’ residency, for example, it might not tax aliens but at the same time, it will impose taxes on its own citizen’s foreign income – residence tax system.
If you are unlucky, you might have to pay tax twice, maybe because your business happens to qualified as sourced from both countries, maybe because of your duo citizenship, or as your income got taxed when it was sourced in one country, and also a different country where you reside impose another income tax again afterwards – that is called double taxation.
Usually countries work together to mitigate this effect, where the money got sourced usually take the first cut, and then the residence country will provide some tax code to accommodate. In this case, the source country will tax its own fixed amount say 40%. How much extra its own resident should pay will be calculated in three ways: credit, exemption or deduction.
Foreign Tax Credit Provisions
Exempt is the most straightforward as if its resident paid income tax to its source country, then there won’t be any further taxation – simple and straightforward.
Under credit method, one will pay the residence country the amount which residence tax is higher than its source. If the source is 50% and residence is 20% only. No need to pay more tax after you got taxed 50%. However, if the source is 20% while the residence is 50%. One still needs to pay the delta of 30% to its own residence country. One way or the other, the residence country need to maintain the total tax rate as being max(T_source, T_residence).
Under the deduction method, it is just like various types of individual income deduction from medical, car tax. The residence country will only tax on the portion post tax. so it will be T_residence * (1 – T_source). The total tax rate will be T_source + T_residence * (1 – T_source) = T_source + T_residence – T_residence*T_source.
So let’s take a look at an example, if we hold T_source to be a flat 40%.
Under the credit method, the total tax rate will be max(T_residence, 40%) and under the deduction method, the total tax rate will be 40% + T_residence 60%.
Example – Credit better than Deduction
one interesting observation is that the credit method is always more effective for the same amount of source tax rate.
And if we plot the ratio of credit vs the deduction method.
We can see that the credit method is always lower for the tax payer and the marginal benefit is the highest when the residence tax equals to source tax. That being that, when the residence tax is extremely high or extremely low, both methods converges to T_residence which is not a surprise after all.
(all content here are for academic and self-entertaining purpose, check the facts with authority before you can believe it is true and the authors claims no responsibility for misusage or misinterpretation)
One can make money or lose money by investing in stocks. Stock price usually goes up and down, people usually lose money by selling their stocks out of panic during a market downturn which also means missing out following up-turn (aka. mean reversion). There is a saying “it is not a loss until you sell” which tend to urge people don’t sell in the scenarios like this.
However, there is a technique in investments called tax loss harvesting. This technique is meant to take tax into consideration and demonstrated under certain/most scenarios, it is a better decision to realize the loss, and used the tax saved to reinvest to achieve superior performance than “being passive”. This post is meant to go through an example, explain how tax loss harvesting works and highlights some of the underlying assumptions.
If I have a portfolio which is a mixture of company stocks with the total value of $100K at the beginning of 2020. By the end of 2020, we have recognized a $10K gain by trading. Of course, some stocks went up and some went down, assuming that some of the stocks literally dropped the value $10K or even more. And the tax rate is at 20%.
The question is what difference will it make if I sell those “losers” and replace with more promising ones.
The baseline scenario is that if we don’t sell those losers. We will need to pay 20% on those realized gains which is $10K * 20% = $2K taxes.
If we sell those losers with a realized loss of $10K. That completely cancel out the gain so far and the net gain will be 0. No tax for you this year or the tax saving from the baseline is $2K.
Free money?! No.
As one can tell, just by realizing the loss, you immediately eliminate your tax this year but taxes are NOT gone. You are postponing by reducing the cost base for your newly invested replacements for those losers. For example, if those $10K losses were from a $50K initial investment, after you realized the losses and reinvested the $40K left buying new stocks. If in the future, the price goes up and you try to harvest the gain then. You will need to use the $40K as the cost basis rather than $50K if you did not sell it. So basically you still have to pay the tax for the “losses” then. Hence, tax loss harvesting in nature is a type of tax deferral.
Let’s go through an example, if those securities or replacement securities have its value rise to $100K, and we will sell it one way or another by end of next year. In the baseline scenario where we don’t realize the loss at end of year 1, at that time, our gain will be ($100K – $50K) = $50K. And we will need to pay 20% of those gains as taxes which equates to $10K. And if we realized the loss, our gain will be instead be ($100K – $40K) = $60K. And our taxes next year will be $12K.
Tax
Baseline
Realize Loss
Year1
$2K
N/A
Year2
$10K
$12K
Total
$12K
$12K
As you can tell, no difference. Let’s parameterize it.
Tax
Baseline
Realize Loss
Year1
T1
T1 – L * T
Year2
G * T
(L + G) * T
Total
T1 + G*T
T1 – LT + (L+G)*T = T1+G*T
As you can see, the realized loss item will be cancelled out in the future by the time you sell it anyway so there are only two scenarios that this “extra work” worth doing, a different and lower tax rate in the future, or reinvest from deferred tax.
If you understand the time value of money, a dollar today is not the same as a dollar tomorrow, or a dollar next year. By defering any type of cash outflow in the future will reduce the net present value of the cash outflow. Minimally speaking, it will be the inflation rate but in the investment cases. If there are better ways of leveraging those cashes to reinvest (buying new promising stocks), the difference can be substantial.
So basically, in this very example, you have $2K at your leisure to invest. Any return on those $2K will be net gains. Or in more general, L * T amount of money that you can use. Almost, like the higher amount, the better it is if and only if you can realize extra gains from those.
In the grand scheme, this whole tax loss harvesting might not be substantial. Why? The tax alpha (abnormal return) is basically how much money you can gain out realized tax loss, tax rate and the return out of that. We say L * T * r.
For example, if the loss rate is r_l and the positive is r_g. The total is r_l * T * r_g. This thing can only be substantial under the premises that your loss was somehow huge and then all of a sudden you have a promising investment. In regular days, this rarely happens but at big market downturns, this return can be substantial. r_l being -50% and r_g be +50%. That is 25% with a tax rate 40%. You got 10% return rate just out of tax harvesting loss.
Also, if you do this on a consistent basic, little things add up and you also gain a compounding effect of wealth accumulation by deferring tax payments on a consistent basis (how long it got deferred is now up to how soon you sell it, if you realized the gain this year, reinvest and sold it far far in the future, theoretically, you deferred it for a very long time).
In the end, to summarize, tax loss harvesting is one way to take advantage of the two-sided tax regimes in both most countries to passively allow gains to grow unharvested, but actively realizing losses. Again, this by no means to encourage purse losses, nor even give any level of comfort that loss is good, it is just another way to get some value out of a shitty situation. Just like not to intentionally make make your food go bad, but if it did, why not a make a banana bread out it.
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